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Cyberattacks on Estonia are a series of cyber attacks that began 27 April 2007 and swamped websites of Estonian organizations, including Estonian parliament, banks, ministries, newspapers and broadcasters, amid the country's disagreement with Russia about the relocation of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn, an elaborate Soviet-era grave marker, as well as war graves in Tallinn.〔The Guardian 17 May 2007: (Russia accused of unleashing cyberwar to disable Estonia ) by Ian Traynor〕 Most of the attacks that had any influence on the general public were distributed denial of service type attacks ranging from single individuals using various methods like ping floods to expensive rentals of botnets usually used for spam distribution. Spamming of bigger news portals commentaries and defacements including that of the Estonian Reform Party website also occurred. Some observers reckoned that the onslaught on Estonia was of a sophistication not seen before. The case is studied intensively by many countries and military planners as, at the time it occurred, it may have been the second-largest instance of state-sponsored cyberwarfare, following Titan Rain.〔The Economist 24 May 2007: (Cyberwarfare is becoming scarier )〕 Estonian Foreign Minister Urmas Paet accused the Kremlin of direct involvement in the cyberattacks.〔(Estonia accuses Russia of 'cyberattack' )〕 On 6 September 2007 Estonia's defense minister admitted he had no evidence linking cyber attacks to Russian authorities. "Of course, at the moment, I cannot state for certain that the cyber attacks were managed by the Kremlin, or other Russian government agencies," Jaak Aaviksoo said in interview on Estonian's Kanal 2 TV channel. Aaviksoo compared the cyber attacks with the blockade of Estonia's Embassy in Moscow. "Again, it is not possible to say without doubt that orders (for the blockade) came from the Kremlin, or that, indeed, a wish was expressed for such a thing there," said Aaviksoo. Russia called accusations of its involvement "unfounded," and neither NATO nor European Commission experts were able to find any proof of official Russian government participation.〔(Estonia has no evidence of Kremlin involvement in cyber attacks )〕 As of January 2008, one ethnic-Russian Estonian national has been charged and convicted. During a panel discussion on cyber warfare, Sergei Markov of the Russian State Duma has stated his unnamed aide was responsible in orchestrating the cyber attacks. Markov alleged the aide acted on his own while residing in an unrecognised republic of the former Soviet Union, possibly Transnistria.〔Radio Free Europe 6 March 2009: ( Behind The Estonia Cyberattacks ) by Robert Coalson〕 On 10 March 2009 Konstantin Goloskokov, a "commissar" of the Kremlin-backed youth group Nashi, has claimed responsibility for the attack.〔(Kremlin-backed group behind Estonia cyber blitz ) Financial Times 11 March 2009〕 Experts are critical of these varying claims of responsibility.〔(Authoritatively, Who Was Behind The Estonian Attacks? ) DarkReading 17 March 2009〕 == Legalities == On 2 May 2007, a criminal investigation was opened into the attacks under a section of the Estonian Penal Code criminalising ''computer sabotage'' and ''interference with the working of a computer network'', felonies punishable by imprisonment of up to three years. As a number of attackers turned out to be within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, on 10 May 2007, Estonian Public Prosecutor's Office made a formal investigation assistance request to the Russian Federation's Supreme Procurature under a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) existing between Estonia and Russia. A Russian State Duma delegation visiting Estonia in early May in regards the situation surrounding the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn had promised that Russia would aid such investigation in every way available.〔 On 28 June, Russian Supreme Procurature refused assistance,〔Postimees 6 July 2007: (Venemaa jätab Eesti küberrünnakute uurimisel õigusabita )〕 claiming that the proposed investigative processes are not covered by the applicable MLAT.〔Eesti Päevaleht 6 July 2007: (Venemaa keeldus koostööst küberrünnakute uurimisel )〕 Piret Seeman, the Estonian Public Prosecutor's Office's PR officer, criticized this decision, pointing out that all the requested processes are actually enumerated in the MLAT.〔 On 24 January 2008, Dmitri Galushkevich, a student living in Tallinn, was found guilty of participating in the attacks. He was fined 17,500 kroons (approximately US$1,640) for attacking the website of the Estonian Reform Party.〔 As of 13 December 2008, Russian authorities have been consistently denying Estonian law enforcement any investigative cooperation, thus effectively eliminating chances that those of the perpetrators that fall within Russian jurisdiction will be brought to trial.〔ERR 13 December 2008 16:43: (Venemaa keeldub endiselt koostööst küberrünnakute uurimisel )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「2007 cyberattacks on Estonia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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